AbstractInterpretation.cpp

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//===- AbstractExecution.cpp -- Abstract Execution---------------------------------//
//
//                     SVF: Static Value-Flow Analysis
//
// Copyright (C) <2013->  <Yulei Sui>
//
 
// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
 
// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
 
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
 
//
//  Created on: Jan 10, 2024
//      Author: Xiao Cheng, Jiawei Wang
//
 
#include "AE/Svfexe/AbstractInterpretation.h"
#include "AE/Svfexe/AbsExtAPI.h"
#include "SVFIR/SVFIR.h"
#include "Util/Options.h"
#include "Util/WorkList.h"
#include "Graphs/CallGraph.h"
#include "WPA/Andersen.h"
#include <cmath>
 
using namespace SVF;
using namespace SVFUtil;
using namespace z3;
 
 
void AbstractInterpretation::runOnModule(ICFG *_icfg)
{
    stat->startClk();
    icfg = _icfg;
    svfir = PAG::getPAG();
    utils = new AbsExtAPI(abstractTrace);
 
    collectCheckPoint();
 
    analyse();
    checkPointAllSet();
    stat->endClk();
    stat->finializeStat();
    if (Options::PStat())
        stat->performStat();
    for (auto& detector: detectors)
        detector->reportBug();
}
 
AbstractInterpretation::AbstractInterpretation()
{
    stat = new AEStat(this);
}
AbstractInterpretation::~AbstractInterpretation()
{
    delete stat;
    for (auto it: funcToWTO)
        delete it.second;
}
 
void AbstractInterpretation::initWTO()
{
    AndersenWaveDiff* ander = AndersenWaveDiff::createAndersenWaveDiff(svfir);
    // Detect if the call graph has cycles by finding its strongly connected components (SCC)
    Andersen::CallGraphSCC* callGraphScc = ander->getCallGraphSCC();
    callGraphScc->find();
    CallGraph* callGraph = ander->getCallGraph();
 
    // Iterate through the call graph
    for (auto it = callGraph->begin(); it != callGraph->end(); it++)
    {
        // Check if the current function is part of a cycle
        if (callGraphScc->isInCycle(it->second->getId()))
            recursiveFuns.insert(it->second->getFunction()); // Mark the function as recursive
 
        // In TOP mode, calculate the WTO
        if (Options::HandleRecur() == TOP)
        {
            if (it->second->getFunction()->isDeclaration())
                continue;
            auto* wto = new ICFGWTO(icfg, icfg->getFunEntryICFGNode(it->second->getFunction()));
            wto->init();
            funcToWTO[it->second->getFunction()] = wto;
        }
        // In WIDEN_TOP or WIDEN_NARROW mode, calculate the IWTO
        else if (Options::HandleRecur() == WIDEN_ONLY ||
                 Options::HandleRecur() == WIDEN_NARROW)
        {
            const FunObjVar *fun = it->second->getFunction();
            if (fun->isDeclaration())
                continue;
 
            NodeID repNodeId = callGraphScc->repNode(it->second->getId());
            auto cgSCCNodes = callGraphScc->subNodes(repNodeId);
 
            // Identify if this node is an SCC entry (nodes who have incoming edges
            // from nodes outside the SCC). Also identify non-recursive callsites.
            bool isEntry = false;
            if (it->second->getInEdges().empty())
                isEntry = true;
            for (auto inEdge: it->second->getInEdges())
            {
                NodeID srcNodeId = inEdge->getSrcID();
                if (!cgSCCNodes.test(srcNodeId))
                {
                    isEntry = true;
                    const CallICFGNode *callSite = nullptr;
                    if (inEdge->isDirectCallEdge())
                        callSite = *(inEdge->getDirectCalls().begin());
                    else if (inEdge->isIndirectCallEdge())
                        callSite = *(inEdge->getIndirectCalls().begin());
                    else
                        assert(false && "CallGraphEdge must "
                               "be either direct or indirect!");
 
                    nonRecursiveCallSites.insert(
                    {callSite, inEdge->getDstNode()->getFunction()->getId()});
                }
            }
 
            // Compute IWTO for the function partition entered from each partition entry
            if (isEntry)
            {
                ICFGIWTO* iwto = new ICFGIWTO(icfg, icfg->getFunEntryICFGNode(fun),
                                              cgSCCNodes, callGraph);
                iwto->init();
                funcToWTO[it->second->getFunction()] = iwto;
            }
        }
        else
            assert(false && "Invalid recursion mode specified!");
    }
}
 
void AbstractInterpretation::analyse()
{
    initWTO();
    // handle Global ICFGNode of SVFModule
    handleGlobalNode();
    getAbsStateFromTrace(
        icfg->getGlobalICFGNode())[PAG::getPAG()->getBlkPtr()] = IntervalValue::top();
    if (const CallGraphNode* cgn = svfir->getCallGraph()->getCallGraphNode("main"))
    {
        const ICFGWTO* wto = funcToWTO[cgn->getFunction()];
        handleWTOComponents(wto->getWTOComponents());
    }
}
 
void AbstractInterpretation::handleGlobalNode()
{
    const ICFGNode* node = icfg->getGlobalICFGNode();
    abstractTrace[node] = AbstractState();
    abstractTrace[node][IRGraph::NullPtr] = AddressValue();
    // Global Node, we just need to handle addr, load, store, copy and gep
    for (const SVFStmt *stmt: node->getSVFStmts())
    {
        handleSVFStatement(stmt);
    }
}
 
bool AbstractInterpretation::mergeStatesFromPredecessors(const ICFGNode * icfgNode)
{
    std::vector<AbstractState> workList;
    AbstractState preAs;
    for (auto& edge: icfgNode->getInEdges())
    {
        if (abstractTrace.find(edge->getSrcNode()) != abstractTrace.end())
        {
 
            if (const IntraCFGEdge *intraCfgEdge =
                        SVFUtil::dyn_cast<IntraCFGEdge>(edge))
            {
                AbstractState tmpEs = abstractTrace[edge->getSrcNode()];
                if (intraCfgEdge->getCondition())
                {
                    if (isBranchFeasible(intraCfgEdge, tmpEs))
                    {
                        workList.push_back(tmpEs);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        // do nothing
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    workList.push_back(tmpEs);
                }
            }
            else if (const CallCFGEdge *callCfgEdge =
                         SVFUtil::dyn_cast<CallCFGEdge>(edge))
            {
 
                // context insensitive implementation
                workList.push_back(
                    abstractTrace[callCfgEdge->getSrcNode()]);
            }
            else if (const RetCFGEdge *retCfgEdge =
                         SVFUtil::dyn_cast<RetCFGEdge>(edge))
            {
                switch (Options::HandleRecur())
                {
                case TOP:
                {
                    workList.push_back(abstractTrace[retCfgEdge->getSrcNode()]);
                    break;
                }
                case WIDEN_ONLY:
                case WIDEN_NARROW:
                {
                    const RetICFGNode* returnSite = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<RetICFGNode>(icfgNode);
                    const CallICFGNode* callSite = returnSite->getCallICFGNode();
                    if (hasAbsStateFromTrace(callSite))
                        workList.push_back(abstractTrace[retCfgEdge->getSrcNode()]);
                }
                }
            }
            else
                assert(false && "Unhandled ICFGEdge type encountered!");
        }
    }
    if (workList.size() == 0)
    {
        return false;
    }
    else
    {
        while (!workList.empty())
        {
            preAs.joinWith(workList.back());
            workList.pop_back();
        }
        // Has ES on the in edges - Feasible block
        // update post as
        abstractTrace[icfgNode] = preAs;
        return true;
    }
}
 
 
bool AbstractInterpretation::isCmpBranchFeasible(const CmpStmt* cmpStmt, s64_t succ,
        AbstractState& as)
{
    AbstractState new_es = as;
    // get cmp stmt's op0, op1, and predicate
    NodeID op0 = cmpStmt->getOpVarID(0);
    NodeID op1 = cmpStmt->getOpVarID(1);
    NodeID res_id = cmpStmt->getResID();
    s32_t predicate = cmpStmt->getPredicate();
    // if op0 or op1 is nullptr, no need to change value, just copy the state
    if (op0 == IRGraph::NullPtr || op1 == IRGraph::NullPtr)
    {
        as = new_es;
        return true;
    }
    // if op0 or op1 is undefined, return;
    // skip address compare
    if (new_es.inVarToAddrsTable(op0) || new_es.inVarToAddrsTable(op1))
    {
        as = new_es;
        return true;
    }
    const LoadStmt *load_op0 = nullptr;
    const LoadStmt *load_op1 = nullptr;
    // get '%1 = load i32 s', and load inst may not exist
    SVFVar* loadVar0 = svfir->getGNode(op0);
    if (!loadVar0->getInEdges().empty())
    {
        SVFStmt *loadVar0InStmt = *loadVar0->getInEdges().begin();
        if (const LoadStmt *loadStmt = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<LoadStmt>(loadVar0InStmt))
        {
            load_op0 = loadStmt;
        }
        else if (const CopyStmt *copyStmt = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<CopyStmt>(loadVar0InStmt))
        {
            loadVar0 = svfir->getGNode(copyStmt->getRHSVarID());
            if (!loadVar0->getInEdges().empty())
            {
                SVFStmt *loadVar0InStmt2 = *loadVar0->getInEdges().begin();
                if (const LoadStmt *loadStmt = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<LoadStmt>(loadVar0InStmt2))
                {
                    load_op0 = loadStmt;
                }
            }
        }
    }
 
    SVFVar* loadVar1 = svfir->getGNode(op1);
    if (!loadVar1->getInEdges().empty())
    {
        SVFStmt *loadVar1InStmt = *loadVar1->getInEdges().begin();
        if (const LoadStmt *loadStmt = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<LoadStmt>(loadVar1InStmt))
        {
            load_op1 = loadStmt;
        }
        else if (const CopyStmt *copyStmt = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<CopyStmt>(loadVar1InStmt))
        {
            loadVar1 = svfir->getGNode(copyStmt->getRHSVarID());
            if (!loadVar1->getInEdges().empty())
            {
                SVFStmt *loadVar1InStmt2 = *loadVar1->getInEdges().begin();
                if (const LoadStmt *loadStmt = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<LoadStmt>(loadVar1InStmt2))
                {
                    load_op1 = loadStmt;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    // for const X const, we may get concrete resVal instantly
    // for var X const, we may get [0,1] if the intersection of var and const is not empty set
    IntervalValue resVal = new_es[res_id].getInterval();
    resVal.meet_with(IntervalValue((s64_t) succ, succ));
    // If Var X const generates bottom value, it means this branch path is not feasible.
    if (resVal.isBottom())
    {
        return false;
    }
 
    bool b0 = new_es[op0].getInterval().is_numeral();
    bool b1 = new_es[op1].getInterval().is_numeral();
 
    // if const X var, we should reverse op0 and op1.
    if (b0 && !b1)
    {
        std::swap(op0, op1);
        std::swap(load_op0, load_op1);
        predicate = _switch_lhsrhs_predicate[predicate];
    }
    else
    {
        // if var X var, we cannot preset the branch condition to infer the intervals of var0,var1
        if (!b0 && !b1)
        {
            as = new_es;
            return true;
        }
        // if const X const, we can instantly get the resVal
        else if (b0 && b1)
        {
            as = new_es;
            return true;
        }
    }
    // if cmp is 'var X const == false', we should reverse predicate 'var X' const == true'
    // X' is reverse predicate of X
    if (succ == 0)
    {
        predicate = _reverse_predicate[predicate];
    }
    else {}
    // change interval range according to the compare predicate
    AddressValue addrs;
    if(load_op0 && new_es.inVarToAddrsTable(load_op0->getRHSVarID()))
        addrs = new_es[load_op0->getRHSVarID()].getAddrs();
 
    IntervalValue &lhs = new_es[op0].getInterval(), &rhs = new_es[op1].getInterval();
    switch (predicate)
    {
    case CmpStmt::Predicate::ICMP_EQ:
    case CmpStmt::Predicate::FCMP_OEQ:
    case CmpStmt::Predicate::FCMP_UEQ:
    {
        // Var == Const, so [var.lb, var.ub].meet_with(const)
        lhs.meet_with(rhs);
        // if lhs is register value, we should also change its mem obj
        for (const auto &addr: addrs)
        {
            NodeID objId = new_es.getIDFromAddr(addr);
            if (new_es.inAddrToValTable(objId))
            {
                new_es.load(addr).meet_with(rhs);
            }
        }
        break;
    }
    case CmpStmt::Predicate::ICMP_NE:
    case CmpStmt::Predicate::FCMP_ONE:
    case CmpStmt::Predicate::FCMP_UNE:
        // Compliment set
        break;
    case CmpStmt::Predicate::ICMP_UGT:
    case CmpStmt::Predicate::ICMP_SGT:
    case CmpStmt::Predicate::FCMP_OGT:
    case CmpStmt::Predicate::FCMP_UGT:
        // Var > Const, so [var.lb, var.ub].meet_with([Const+1, +INF])
        lhs.meet_with(IntervalValue(rhs.lb() + 1, IntervalValue::plus_infinity()));
        // if lhs is register value, we should also change its mem obj
        for (const auto &addr: addrs)
        {
            NodeID objId = new_es.getIDFromAddr(addr);
            if (new_es.inAddrToValTable(objId))
            {
                new_es.load(addr).meet_with(
                    IntervalValue(rhs.lb() + 1, IntervalValue::plus_infinity()));
            }
        }
        break;
    case CmpStmt::Predicate::ICMP_UGE:
    case CmpStmt::Predicate::ICMP_SGE:
    case CmpStmt::Predicate::FCMP_OGE:
    case CmpStmt::Predicate::FCMP_UGE:
    {
        // Var >= Const, so [var.lb, var.ub].meet_with([Const, +INF])
        lhs.meet_with(IntervalValue(rhs.lb(), IntervalValue::plus_infinity()));
        // if lhs is register value, we should also change its mem obj
        for (const auto &addr: addrs)
        {
            NodeID objId = new_es.getIDFromAddr(addr);
            if (new_es.inAddrToValTable(objId))
            {
                new_es.load(addr).meet_with(
                    IntervalValue(rhs.lb(), IntervalValue::plus_infinity()));
            }
        }
        break;
    }
    case CmpStmt::Predicate::ICMP_ULT:
    case CmpStmt::Predicate::ICMP_SLT:
    case CmpStmt::Predicate::FCMP_OLT:
    case CmpStmt::Predicate::FCMP_ULT:
    {
        // Var < Const, so [var.lb, var.ub].meet_with([-INF, const.ub-1])
        lhs.meet_with(IntervalValue(IntervalValue::minus_infinity(), rhs.ub() - 1));
        // if lhs is register value, we should also change its mem obj
        for (const auto &addr: addrs)
        {
            NodeID objId = new_es.getIDFromAddr(addr);
            if (new_es.inAddrToValTable(objId))
            {
                new_es.load(addr).meet_with(
                    IntervalValue(IntervalValue::minus_infinity(), rhs.ub() - 1));
            }
        }
        break;
    }
    case CmpStmt::Predicate::ICMP_ULE:
    case CmpStmt::Predicate::ICMP_SLE:
    case CmpStmt::Predicate::FCMP_OLE:
    case CmpStmt::Predicate::FCMP_ULE:
    {
        // Var <= Const, so [var.lb, var.ub].meet_with([-INF, const.ub])
        lhs.meet_with(IntervalValue(IntervalValue::minus_infinity(), rhs.ub()));
        // if lhs is register value, we should also change its mem obj
        for (const auto &addr: addrs)
        {
            NodeID objId = new_es.getIDFromAddr(addr);
            if (new_es.inAddrToValTable(objId))
            {
                new_es.load(addr).meet_with(
                    IntervalValue(IntervalValue::minus_infinity(), rhs.ub()));
            }
        }
        break;
    }
    case CmpStmt::Predicate::FCMP_FALSE:
        break;
    case CmpStmt::Predicate::FCMP_TRUE:
        break;
    default:
        assert(false && "implement this part");
        abort();
    }
    as = new_es;
    return true;
}
 
bool AbstractInterpretation::isSwitchBranchFeasible(const SVFVar* var, s64_t succ,
        AbstractState& as)
{
    AbstractState new_es = as;
    IntervalValue& switch_cond = new_es[var->getId()].getInterval();
    s64_t value = succ;
    FIFOWorkList<const SVFStmt*> workList;
    for (SVFStmt *cmpVarInStmt: var->getInEdges())
    {
        workList.push(cmpVarInStmt);
    }
    switch_cond.meet_with(IntervalValue(value, value));
    if (switch_cond.isBottom())
    {
        return false;
    }
    while(!workList.empty())
    {
        const SVFStmt* stmt = workList.pop();
        if (SVFUtil::isa<CopyStmt>(stmt))
        {
            IntervalValue& copy_cond = new_es[var->getId()].getInterval();
            copy_cond.meet_with(IntervalValue(value, value));
        }
        else if (const LoadStmt* load = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<LoadStmt>(stmt))
        {
            if (new_es.inVarToAddrsTable(load->getRHSVarID()))
            {
                AddressValue &addrs = new_es[load->getRHSVarID()].getAddrs();
                for (const auto &addr: addrs)
                {
                    NodeID objId = new_es.getIDFromAddr(addr);
                    if (new_es.inAddrToValTable(objId))
                    {
                        new_es.load(addr).meet_with(switch_cond);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    as = new_es;
    return true;
}
 
bool AbstractInterpretation::isBranchFeasible(const IntraCFGEdge* intraEdge,
        AbstractState& as)
{
    const SVFVar *cmpVar = intraEdge->getCondition();
    if (cmpVar->getInEdges().empty())
    {
        return isSwitchBranchFeasible(cmpVar,
                                      intraEdge->getSuccessorCondValue(), as);
    }
    else
    {
        assert(!cmpVar->getInEdges().empty() &&
               "no in edges?");
        SVFStmt *cmpVarInStmt = *cmpVar->getInEdges().begin();
        if (const CmpStmt *cmpStmt = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<CmpStmt>(cmpVarInStmt))
        {
            return isCmpBranchFeasible(cmpStmt,
                                       intraEdge->getSuccessorCondValue(), as);
        }
        else
        {
            return isSwitchBranchFeasible(
                       cmpVar, intraEdge->getSuccessorCondValue(), as);
        }
    }
    return true;
}
void AbstractInterpretation::handleSingletonWTO(const ICFGSingletonWTO *icfgSingletonWto)
{
    const ICFGNode* node = icfgSingletonWto->getICFGNode();
    stat->getBlockTrace()++;
 
    std::deque<const ICFGNode*> worklist;
 
    stat->getICFGNodeTrace()++;
    // handle SVF Stmt
    for (const SVFStmt *stmt: node->getSVFStmts())
    {
        handleSVFStatement(stmt);
    }
    // inlining the callee by calling handleFunc for the callee function
    if (const CallICFGNode* callnode = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<CallICFGNode>(node))
    {
        handleCallSite(callnode);
    }
    for (auto& detector: detectors)
        detector->detect(getAbsStateFromTrace(node), node);
    stat->countStateSize();
}
 
void AbstractInterpretation::handleWTOComponents(const std::list<const ICFGWTOComp*>& wtoComps)
{
    for (const ICFGWTOComp* wtoNode : wtoComps)
    {
        handleWTOComponent(wtoNode);
    }
}
 
void AbstractInterpretation::handleWTOComponent(const ICFGWTOComp* wtoNode)
{
    if (const ICFGSingletonWTO* node = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<ICFGSingletonWTO>(wtoNode))
    {
        if (mergeStatesFromPredecessors(node->getICFGNode()))
            handleSingletonWTO(node);
    }
    // Handle WTO cycles
    else if (const ICFGCycleWTO* cycle = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<ICFGCycleWTO>(wtoNode))
    {
        if (mergeStatesFromPredecessors(cycle->head()->getICFGNode()))
            handleCycleWTO(cycle);
    }
    // Assert false for unknown WTO types
    else
        assert(false && "unknown WTO type!");
}
 
void AbstractInterpretation::handleCallSite(const ICFGNode* node)
{
    if (const CallICFGNode* callNode = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<CallICFGNode>(node))
    {
        if (isExtCall(callNode))
        {
            extCallPass(callNode);
        }
        else if (isRecursiveCall(callNode) && Options::HandleRecur() == TOP)
        {
            recursiveCallPass(callNode);
        }
        else if (isDirectCall(callNode))
        {
            directCallFunPass(callNode);
        }
        else if (isIndirectCall(callNode))
        {
            indirectCallFunPass(callNode);
        }
        else
            assert(false && "implement this part");
    }
    else
        assert (false && "it is not call node");
}
 
bool AbstractInterpretation::isExtCall(const CallICFGNode *callNode)
{
    return SVFUtil::isExtCall(callNode->getCalledFunction());
}
 
void AbstractInterpretation::extCallPass(const CallICFGNode *callNode)
{
    callSiteStack.push_back(callNode);
    utils->handleExtAPI(callNode);
    for (auto& detector : detectors)
    {
        detector->handleStubFunctions(callNode);
    }
    callSiteStack.pop_back();
}
 
bool AbstractInterpretation::isRecursiveFun(const FunObjVar* fun)
{
    return recursiveFuns.find(fun) != recursiveFuns.end();
}
 
bool AbstractInterpretation::isRecursiveCall(const CallICFGNode *callNode)
{
    const FunObjVar *callfun = callNode->getCalledFunction();
    if (!callfun)
        return false;
    else
        return isRecursiveFun(callfun);
}
 
void AbstractInterpretation::recursiveCallPass(const CallICFGNode *callNode)
{
    AbstractState& as = getAbsStateFromTrace(callNode);
    SkipRecursiveCall(callNode);
    const RetICFGNode *retNode = callNode->getRetICFGNode();
    if (retNode->getSVFStmts().size() > 0)
    {
        if (const RetPE *retPE = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<RetPE>(*retNode->getSVFStmts().begin()))
        {
            if (!retPE->getLHSVar()->isPointer() &&
                    !retPE->getLHSVar()->isConstDataOrAggDataButNotNullPtr())
            {
                as[retPE->getLHSVarID()] = IntervalValue::top();
            }
        }
    }
    abstractTrace[retNode] = as;
}
 
bool AbstractInterpretation::isRecursiveCallSite(const CallICFGNode* callNode,
        const FunObjVar* callee)
{
    return nonRecursiveCallSites.find({callNode, callee->getId()}) ==
           nonRecursiveCallSites.end();
}
 
bool AbstractInterpretation::isDirectCall(const CallICFGNode *callNode)
{
    const FunObjVar *callfun =callNode->getCalledFunction();
    if (!callfun)
        return false;
    else
        return !callfun->isDeclaration();
}
void AbstractInterpretation::directCallFunPass(const CallICFGNode *callNode)
{
    AbstractState& as = getAbsStateFromTrace(callNode);
 
    abstractTrace[callNode] = as;
 
    const FunObjVar *calleeFun =callNode->getCalledFunction();
    if (Options::HandleRecur() == WIDEN_ONLY || Options::HandleRecur() == WIDEN_NARROW)
    {
        if (isRecursiveCallSite(callNode, calleeFun))
            return;
    }
 
    callSiteStack.push_back(callNode);
 
    const ICFGWTO* wto = funcToWTO[calleeFun];
    handleWTOComponents(wto->getWTOComponents());
 
    callSiteStack.pop_back();
    // handle Ret node
    const RetICFGNode *retNode = callNode->getRetICFGNode();
    // resume ES to callnode
    abstractTrace[retNode] = abstractTrace[callNode];
}
 
bool AbstractInterpretation::isIndirectCall(const CallICFGNode *callNode)
{
    const auto callsiteMaps = svfir->getIndirectCallsites();
    return callsiteMaps.find(callNode) != callsiteMaps.end();
}
 
void AbstractInterpretation::indirectCallFunPass(const CallICFGNode *callNode)
{
    AbstractState& as = getAbsStateFromTrace(callNode);
    const auto callsiteMaps = svfir->getIndirectCallsites();
    NodeID call_id = callsiteMaps.at(callNode);
    if (!as.inVarToAddrsTable(call_id))
    {
        return;
    }
    AbstractValue Addrs = as[call_id];
    NodeID addr = *Addrs.getAddrs().begin();
    SVFVar *func_var = svfir->getGNode(as.getIDFromAddr(addr));
 
    if(const FunObjVar* funObjVar = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<FunObjVar>(func_var))
    {
        if (Options::HandleRecur() == WIDEN_ONLY || Options::HandleRecur() == WIDEN_NARROW)
        {
            if (isRecursiveCallSite(callNode, funObjVar))
                return;
        }
 
        const FunObjVar* callfun = funObjVar->getFunction();
        callSiteStack.push_back(callNode);
        abstractTrace[callNode] = as;
 
        const ICFGWTO* wto = funcToWTO[callfun];
        handleWTOComponents(wto->getWTOComponents());
        callSiteStack.pop_back();
        // handle Ret node
        const RetICFGNode* retNode = callNode->getRetICFGNode();
        abstractTrace[retNode] = abstractTrace[callNode];
    }
}
 
void AbstractInterpretation::handleCycleWTO(const ICFGCycleWTO*cycle)
{
    const ICFGNode* cycle_head = cycle->head()->getICFGNode();
    // Flag to indicate if we are in the increasing phase
    bool increasing = true;
    // Infinite loop until a fixpoint is reached,
    for (u32_t cur_iter = 0;; cur_iter++)
    {
        // Start widening or narrowing if cur_iter >= widen threshold (widen delay)
        if (cur_iter >= Options::WidenDelay())
        {
            // Widen or narrow after processing cycle head node
            AbstractState prev_head_state = abstractTrace[cycle_head];
            handleWTOComponent(cycle->head());
            AbstractState cur_head_state = abstractTrace[cycle_head];
            if (increasing)
            {
                // Widening, use different modes for nodes within recursions
                if (isRecursiveFun(cycle->head()->getICFGNode()->getFun()))
                {
                    // For nodes in recursions, widen to top in WIDEN_TOP mode
                    if (Options::HandleRecur() == WIDEN_ONLY)
                    {
                        abstractTrace[cycle_head] = prev_head_state.widening(cur_head_state);
                    }
                    // Perform normal widening in WIDEN_NARROW mode
                    else if (Options::HandleRecur() == WIDEN_NARROW)
                    {
                        abstractTrace[cycle_head] = prev_head_state.widening(cur_head_state);
                    }
                    // In TOP mode, skipRecursiveCall will handle recursions,
                    // thus should not reach this branch
                    else
                    {
                        assert(false && "Recursion mode TOP should not reach here!");
                    }
                }
                // For nodes outside recursions, perform normal widening
                else
                {
                    abstractTrace[cycle_head] = prev_head_state.widening(cur_head_state);
                }
 
                if (abstractTrace[cycle_head] == prev_head_state)
                {
                    increasing = false;
                    continue;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                // Narrowing, use different modes for nodes within recursions
                if (isRecursiveFun(cycle->head()->getICFGNode()->getFun()))
                {
                    // For nodes in recursions, skip narrowing in WIDEN_TOP mode
                    if (Options::HandleRecur() == WIDEN_ONLY)
                    {
                        break;
                    }
                    // Perform normal narrowing in WIDEN_NARROW mode
                    else if (Options::HandleRecur() == WIDEN_NARROW)
                    {
                        // Widening's fixpoint reached in the widening phase, switch to narrowing
                        abstractTrace[cycle_head] = prev_head_state.narrowing(cur_head_state);
                        if (abstractTrace[cycle_head] == prev_head_state)
                        {
                            // Narrowing's fixpoint reached in the narrowing phase, exit loop
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    // In TOP mode, skipRecursiveCall will handle recursions,
                    // thus should not reach this branch
                    else
                    {
                        assert(false && "Recursion mode TOP should not reach here");
                    }
                }
                // For nodes outside recursions, perform normal narrowing
                else
                {
                    // Widening's fixpoint reached in the widening phase, switch to narrowing
                    abstractTrace[cycle_head] = prev_head_state.narrowing(cur_head_state);
                    if (abstractTrace[cycle_head] == prev_head_state)
                    {
                        // Narrowing's fixpoint reached in the narrowing phase, exit loop
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        else
        {
            // Handle the cycle head
            handleWTOComponent(cycle->head());
        }
        // Handle the cycle body
        handleWTOComponents(cycle->getWTOComponents());
    }
}
 
void AbstractInterpretation::handleSVFStatement(const SVFStmt *stmt)
{
    if (const AddrStmt *addr = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<AddrStmt>(stmt))
    {
        updateStateOnAddr(addr);
    }
    else if (const BinaryOPStmt *binary = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<BinaryOPStmt>(stmt))
    {
        updateStateOnBinary(binary);
    }
    else if (const CmpStmt *cmp = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<CmpStmt>(stmt))
    {
        updateStateOnCmp(cmp);
    }
    else if (SVFUtil::isa<UnaryOPStmt>(stmt))
    {
    }
    else if (SVFUtil::isa<BranchStmt>(stmt))
    {
        // branch stmt is handled in hasBranchES
    }
    else if (const LoadStmt *load = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<LoadStmt>(stmt))
    {
        updateStateOnLoad(load);
    }
    else if (const StoreStmt *store = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<StoreStmt>(stmt))
    {
        updateStateOnStore(store);
    }
    else if (const CopyStmt *copy = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<CopyStmt>(stmt))
    {
        updateStateOnCopy(copy);
    }
    else if (const GepStmt *gep = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<GepStmt>(stmt))
    {
        updateStateOnGep(gep);
    }
    else if (const SelectStmt *select = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<SelectStmt>(stmt))
    {
        updateStateOnSelect(select);
    }
    else if (const PhiStmt *phi = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<PhiStmt>(stmt))
    {
        updateStateOnPhi(phi);
    }
    else if (const CallPE *callPE = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<CallPE>(stmt))
    {
        // To handle Call Edge
        updateStateOnCall(callPE);
    }
    else if (const RetPE *retPE = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<RetPE>(stmt))
    {
        updateStateOnRet(retPE);
    }
    else
        assert(false && "implement this part");
    // NullPtr is index 0, it should not be changed
    assert(!getAbsStateFromTrace(stmt->getICFGNode())[IRGraph::NullPtr].isInterval() &&
           !getAbsStateFromTrace(stmt->getICFGNode())[IRGraph::NullPtr].isAddr());
}
 
void AbstractInterpretation::SkipRecursiveCall(const CallICFGNode *callNode)
{
    AbstractState& as = getAbsStateFromTrace(callNode);
    const RetICFGNode *retNode = callNode->getRetICFGNode();
    if (retNode->getSVFStmts().size() > 0)
    {
        if (const RetPE *retPE = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<RetPE>(*retNode->getSVFStmts().begin()))
        {
            AbstractState as;
            if (!retPE->getLHSVar()->isPointer() && !retPE->getLHSVar()->isConstDataOrAggDataButNotNullPtr())
                as[retPE->getLHSVarID()] = IntervalValue::top();
        }
    }
    if (!retNode->getOutEdges().empty())
    {
        if (retNode->getOutEdges().size() == 1)
        {
 
        }
        else
        {
            return;
        }
    }
    FIFOWorkList<const SVFBasicBlock *> blkWorkList;
    FIFOWorkList<const ICFGNode *> instWorklist;
    for (const SVFBasicBlock * bb: callNode->getCalledFunction()->getReachableBBs())
    {
        for (const ICFGNode* node: bb->getICFGNodeList())
        {
            for (const SVFStmt *stmt: node->getSVFStmts())
            {
                if (const StoreStmt *store = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<StoreStmt>(stmt))
                {
                    const SVFVar *rhsVar = store->getRHSVar();
                    u32_t lhs = store->getLHSVarID();
                    if (as.inVarToAddrsTable(lhs))
                    {
                        if (!rhsVar->isPointer() && !rhsVar->isConstDataOrAggDataButNotNullPtr())
                        {
                            const AbstractValue &addrs = as[lhs];
                            for (const auto &addr: addrs.getAddrs())
                            {
                                as.store(addr, IntervalValue::top());
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
 
// count the size of memory map
void AEStat::countStateSize()
{
    if (count == 0)
    {
        generalNumMap["ES_Var_AVG_Num"] = 0;
        generalNumMap["ES_Loc_AVG_Num"] = 0;
        generalNumMap["ES_Var_Addr_AVG_Num"] = 0;
        generalNumMap["ES_Loc_Addr_AVG_Num"] = 0;
    }
    ++count;
}
 
void AEStat::finializeStat()
{
    memUsage = getMemUsage();
    if (count > 0)
    {
        generalNumMap["ES_Var_AVG_Num"] /= count;
        generalNumMap["ES_Loc_AVG_Num"] /= count;
        generalNumMap["ES_Var_Addr_AVG_Num"] /= count;
        generalNumMap["ES_Loc_Addr_AVG_Num"] /= count;
    }
    generalNumMap["SVF_STMT_NUM"] = count;
    generalNumMap["ICFG_Node_Num"] = _ae->svfir->getICFG()->nodeNum;
    u32_t callSiteNum = 0;
    u32_t extCallSiteNum = 0;
    Set<const FunObjVar *> funs;
    for (const auto &it: *_ae->svfir->getICFG())
    {
        if (it.second->getFun())
        {
            funs.insert(it.second->getFun());
        }
        if (const CallICFGNode *callNode = dyn_cast<CallICFGNode>(it.second))
        {
            if (!isExtCall(callNode))
            {
                callSiteNum++;
            }
            else
            {
                extCallSiteNum++;
            }
        }
    }
    generalNumMap["Func_Num"] = funs.size();
    generalNumMap["EXT_CallSite_Num"] = extCallSiteNum;
    generalNumMap["NonEXT_CallSite_Num"] = callSiteNum;
    timeStatMap["Total_Time(sec)"] = (double)(endTime - startTime) / TIMEINTERVAL;
 
}
 
void AEStat::performStat()
{
    std::string fullName(_ae->moduleName);
    std::string name;
    std::string moduleName;
    if (fullName.find('/') == std::string::npos)
    {
        std::string name = fullName;
        moduleName = name.substr(0, fullName.find('.'));
    }
    else
    {
        std::string name = fullName.substr(fullName.find('/'), fullName.size());
        moduleName = name.substr(0, fullName.find('.'));
    }
 
    SVFUtil::outs() << "\n************************\n";
    SVFUtil::outs() << "################ (program : " << moduleName << ")###############\n";
    SVFUtil::outs().flags(std::ios::left);
    unsigned field_width = 30;
    for (NUMStatMap::iterator it = generalNumMap.begin(), eit = generalNumMap.end(); it != eit; ++it)
    {
        // format out put with width 20 space
        std::cout << std::setw(field_width) << it->first << it->second << "\n";
    }
    SVFUtil::outs() << "-------------------------------------------------------\n";
    for (TIMEStatMap::iterator it = timeStatMap.begin(), eit = timeStatMap.end(); it != eit; ++it)
    {
        // format out put with width 20 space
        SVFUtil::outs() << std::setw(field_width) << it->first << it->second << "\n";
    }
    SVFUtil::outs() << "Memory usage: " << memUsage << "\n";
 
    SVFUtil::outs() << "#######################################################" << std::endl;
    SVFUtil::outs().flush();
}
 
void AbstractInterpretation::collectCheckPoint()
{
    // traverse every ICFGNode
    Set<std::string> ae_checkpoint_names = {"svf_assert"};
    Set<std::string> buf_checkpoint_names = {"UNSAFE_BUFACCESS", "SAFE_BUFACCESS"};
    Set<std::string> nullptr_checkpoint_names = {"UNSAFE_LOAD", "SAFE_LOAD"};
 
    for (auto it = svfir->getICFG()->begin(); it != svfir->getICFG()->end(); ++it)
    {
        const ICFGNode* node = it->second;
        if (const CallICFGNode *call = SVFUtil::dyn_cast<CallICFGNode>(node))
        {
            if (const FunObjVar *fun = call->getCalledFunction())
            {
                if (ae_checkpoint_names.find(fun->getName()) !=
                        ae_checkpoint_names.end())
                {
                    checkpoints.insert(call);
                }
                if (Options::BufferOverflowCheck())
                {
                    if (buf_checkpoint_names.find(fun->getName()) !=
                            buf_checkpoint_names.end())
                    {
                        checkpoints.insert(call);
                    }
                }
                if (Options::NullDerefCheck())
                {
                    if (nullptr_checkpoint_names.find(fun->getName()) !=
                            nullptr_checkpoint_names.end())
                    {
                        checkpoints.insert(call);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
 
void AbstractInterpretation::checkPointAllSet()
{
    if (checkpoints.size() == 0)
    {
        return;
    }
    else
    {
        SVFUtil::errs() << SVFUtil::errMsg("At least one svf_assert has not been checked!!") << "\n";
        for (const CallICFGNode* call: checkpoints)
            SVFUtil::errs() << call->toString() + "\n";
        assert(false);
    }
 
}
 
void AbstractInterpretation::updateStateOnGep(const GepStmt *gep)
{
    AbstractState& as = getAbsStateFromTrace(gep->getICFGNode());
    u32_t rhs = gep->getRHSVarID();
    u32_t lhs = gep->getLHSVarID();
    IntervalValue offsetPair = as.getElementIndex(gep);
    AbstractValue gepAddrs;
    APOffset lb = offsetPair.lb().getIntNumeral() < Options::MaxFieldLimit()?
                  offsetPair.lb().getIntNumeral(): Options::MaxFieldLimit();
    APOffset ub = offsetPair.ub().getIntNumeral() < Options::MaxFieldLimit()?
                  offsetPair.ub().getIntNumeral(): Options::MaxFieldLimit();
    for (APOffset i = lb; i <= ub; i++)
        gepAddrs.join_with(as.getGepObjAddrs(rhs,IntervalValue(i)));
    as[lhs] = gepAddrs;
}
 
void AbstractInterpretation::updateStateOnSelect(const SelectStmt *select)
{
    AbstractState& as = getAbsStateFromTrace(select->getICFGNode());
    u32_t res = select->getResID();
    u32_t tval = select->getTrueValue()->getId();
    u32_t fval = select->getFalseValue()->getId();
    u32_t cond = select->getCondition()->getId();
    if (as[cond].getInterval().is_numeral())
    {
        as[res] = as[cond].getInterval().is_zero() ? as[fval] : as[tval];
    }
    else
    {
        as[res] = as[tval];
        as[res].join_with(as[fval]);
    }
}
 
void AbstractInterpretation::updateStateOnPhi(const PhiStmt *phi)
{
    const ICFGNode* icfgNode = phi->getICFGNode();
    AbstractState& as = getAbsStateFromTrace(icfgNode);
    u32_t res = phi->getResID();
    AbstractValue rhs;
    for (u32_t i = 0; i < phi->getOpVarNum(); i++)
    {
        NodeID curId = phi->getOpVarID(i);
        const ICFGNode* opICFGNode = phi->getOpICFGNode(i);
        if (hasAbsStateFromTrace(opICFGNode))
        {
            AbstractState tmpEs = abstractTrace[opICFGNode];
            AbstractState& opAs = getAbsStateFromTrace(opICFGNode);
            const ICFGEdge* edge =  icfg->getICFGEdge(opICFGNode, icfgNode, ICFGEdge::IntraCF);
            // if IntraEdge, check the condition, if it is feasible, join the value
            // if IntraEdge but not conditional edge, join the value
            // if not IntraEdge, join the value
            if (edge)
            {
                const IntraCFGEdge* intraEdge = SVFUtil::cast<IntraCFGEdge>(edge);
                if (intraEdge->getCondition())
                {
                    if (isBranchFeasible(intraEdge, tmpEs))
                        rhs.join_with(opAs[curId]);
                }
                else
                    rhs.join_with(opAs[curId]);
            }
            else
            {
                rhs.join_with(opAs[curId]);
            }
        }
    }
    as[res] = rhs;
}
 
 
void AbstractInterpretation::updateStateOnCall(const CallPE *callPE)
{
    AbstractState& as = getAbsStateFromTrace(callPE->getICFGNode());
    NodeID lhs = callPE->getLHSVarID();
    NodeID rhs = callPE->getRHSVarID();
    as[lhs] = as[rhs];
}
 
void AbstractInterpretation::updateStateOnRet(const RetPE *retPE)
{
    AbstractState& as = getAbsStateFromTrace(retPE->getICFGNode());
    NodeID lhs = retPE->getLHSVarID();
    NodeID rhs = retPE->getRHSVarID();
    as[lhs] = as[rhs];
}
 
 
void AbstractInterpretation::updateStateOnAddr(const AddrStmt *addr)
{
    AbstractState& as = getAbsStateFromTrace(addr->getICFGNode());
    as.initObjVar(SVFUtil::cast<ObjVar>(addr->getRHSVar()));
    if (addr->getRHSVar()->getType()->getKind() == SVFType::SVFIntegerTy)
        as[addr->getRHSVarID()].getInterval().meet_with(utils->getRangeLimitFromType(addr->getRHSVar()->getType()));
    as[addr->getLHSVarID()] = as[addr->getRHSVarID()];
}
 
 
void AbstractInterpretation::updateStateOnBinary(const BinaryOPStmt *binary)
{
    const ICFGNode* node = binary->getICFGNode();
    AbstractState& as = getAbsStateFromTrace(node);
    u32_t op0 = binary->getOpVarID(0);
    u32_t op1 = binary->getOpVarID(1);
    u32_t res = binary->getResID();
    if (!as.inVarToValTable(op0)) as[op0] = IntervalValue::top();
    if (!as.inVarToValTable(op1)) as[op1] = IntervalValue::top();
    IntervalValue &lhs = as[op0].getInterval(), &rhs = as[op1].getInterval();
    IntervalValue resVal;
    switch (binary->getOpcode())
    {
    case BinaryOPStmt::Add:
    case BinaryOPStmt::FAdd:
        resVal = (lhs + rhs);
        break;
    case BinaryOPStmt::Sub:
    case BinaryOPStmt::FSub:
        resVal = (lhs - rhs);
        break;
    case BinaryOPStmt::Mul:
    case BinaryOPStmt::FMul:
        resVal = (lhs * rhs);
        break;
    case BinaryOPStmt::SDiv:
    case BinaryOPStmt::FDiv:
    case BinaryOPStmt::UDiv:
        resVal = (lhs / rhs);
        break;
    case BinaryOPStmt::SRem:
    case BinaryOPStmt::FRem:
    case BinaryOPStmt::URem:
        resVal = (lhs % rhs);
        break;
    case BinaryOPStmt::Xor:
        resVal = (lhs ^ rhs);
        break;
    case BinaryOPStmt::And:
        resVal = (lhs & rhs);
        break;
    case BinaryOPStmt::Or:
        resVal = (lhs | rhs);
        break;
    case BinaryOPStmt::AShr:
        resVal = (lhs >> rhs);
        break;
    case BinaryOPStmt::Shl:
        resVal = (lhs << rhs);
        break;
    case BinaryOPStmt::LShr:
        resVal = (lhs >> rhs);
        break;
    default:
        assert(false && "undefined binary: ");
    }
    as[res] = resVal;
}
 
void AbstractInterpretation::updateStateOnCmp(const CmpStmt *cmp)
{
    AbstractState& as = getAbsStateFromTrace(cmp->getICFGNode());
    u32_t op0 = cmp->getOpVarID(0);
    u32_t op1 = cmp->getOpVarID(1);
    // if it is address
    if (as.inVarToAddrsTable(op0) && as.inVarToAddrsTable(op1))
    {
        IntervalValue resVal;
        AddressValue addrOp0 = as[op0].getAddrs();
        AddressValue addrOp1 = as[op1].getAddrs();
        u32_t res = cmp->getResID();
        if (addrOp0.equals(addrOp1))
        {
            resVal = IntervalValue(1, 1);
        }
        else if (addrOp0.hasIntersect(addrOp1))
        {
            resVal = IntervalValue(0, 1);
        }
        else
        {
            resVal = IntervalValue(0, 0);
        }
        as[res] = resVal;
    }
    // if op0 or op1 is nullptr, compare abstractValue instead of touching addr or interval
    else if (op0 == IRGraph::NullPtr || op1 == IRGraph::NullPtr)
    {
        u32_t res = cmp->getResID();
        IntervalValue resVal = (as[op0].equals(as[op1])) ? IntervalValue(1, 1) : IntervalValue(0, 0);
        as[res] = resVal;
    }
    else
    {
        if (!as.inVarToValTable(op0))
            as[op0] = IntervalValue::top();
        if (!as.inVarToValTable(op1))
            as[op1] = IntervalValue::top();
        u32_t res = cmp->getResID();
        if (as.inVarToValTable(op0) && as.inVarToValTable(op1))
        {
            IntervalValue resVal;
            if (as[op0].isInterval() && as[op1].isInterval())
            {
                IntervalValue &lhs = as[op0].getInterval(),
                               &rhs = as[op1].getInterval();
                // AbstractValue
                auto predicate = cmp->getPredicate();
                switch (predicate)
                {
                case CmpStmt::ICMP_EQ:
                case CmpStmt::FCMP_OEQ:
                case CmpStmt::FCMP_UEQ:
                    resVal = (lhs == rhs);
                    // resVal = (lhs.getInterval() == rhs.getInterval());
                    break;
                case CmpStmt::ICMP_NE:
                case CmpStmt::FCMP_ONE:
                case CmpStmt::FCMP_UNE:
                    resVal = (lhs != rhs);
                    break;
                case CmpStmt::ICMP_UGT:
                case CmpStmt::ICMP_SGT:
                case CmpStmt::FCMP_OGT:
                case CmpStmt::FCMP_UGT:
                    resVal = (lhs > rhs);
                    break;
                case CmpStmt::ICMP_UGE:
                case CmpStmt::ICMP_SGE:
                case CmpStmt::FCMP_OGE:
                case CmpStmt::FCMP_UGE:
                    resVal = (lhs >= rhs);
                    break;
                case CmpStmt::ICMP_ULT:
                case CmpStmt::ICMP_SLT:
                case CmpStmt::FCMP_OLT:
                case CmpStmt::FCMP_ULT:
                    resVal = (lhs < rhs);
                    break;
                case CmpStmt::ICMP_ULE:
                case CmpStmt::ICMP_SLE:
                case CmpStmt::FCMP_OLE:
                case CmpStmt::FCMP_ULE:
                    resVal = (lhs <= rhs);
                    break;
                case CmpStmt::FCMP_FALSE:
                    resVal = IntervalValue(0, 0);
                    break;
                case CmpStmt::FCMP_TRUE:
                    resVal = IntervalValue(1, 1);
                    break;
                default:
                    assert(false && "undefined compare: ");
                }
                as[res] = resVal;
            }
            else if (as[op0].isAddr() && as[op1].isAddr())
            {
                AddressValue &lhs = as[op0].getAddrs(),
                              &rhs = as[op1].getAddrs();
                auto predicate = cmp->getPredicate();
                switch (predicate)
                {
                case CmpStmt::ICMP_EQ:
                case CmpStmt::FCMP_OEQ:
                case CmpStmt::FCMP_UEQ:
                {
                    if (lhs.hasIntersect(rhs))
                    {
                        resVal = IntervalValue(0, 1);
                    }
                    else if (lhs.empty() && rhs.empty())
                    {
                        resVal = IntervalValue(1, 1);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        resVal = IntervalValue(0, 0);
                    }
                    break;
                }
                case CmpStmt::ICMP_NE:
                case CmpStmt::FCMP_ONE:
                case CmpStmt::FCMP_UNE:
                {
                    if (lhs.hasIntersect(rhs))
                    {
                        resVal = IntervalValue(0, 1);
                    }
                    else if (lhs.empty() && rhs.empty())
                    {
                        resVal = IntervalValue(0, 0);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        resVal = IntervalValue(1, 1);
                    }
                    break;
                }
                case CmpStmt::ICMP_UGT:
                case CmpStmt::ICMP_SGT:
                case CmpStmt::FCMP_OGT:
                case CmpStmt::FCMP_UGT:
                {
                    if (lhs.size() == 1 && rhs.size() == 1)
                    {
                        resVal = IntervalValue(*lhs.begin() > *rhs.begin());
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        resVal = IntervalValue(0, 1);
                    }
                    break;
                }
                case CmpStmt::ICMP_UGE:
                case CmpStmt::ICMP_SGE:
                case CmpStmt::FCMP_OGE:
                case CmpStmt::FCMP_UGE:
                {
                    if (lhs.size() == 1 && rhs.size() == 1)
                    {
                        resVal = IntervalValue(*lhs.begin() >= *rhs.begin());
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        resVal = IntervalValue(0, 1);
                    }
                    break;
                }
                case CmpStmt::ICMP_ULT:
                case CmpStmt::ICMP_SLT:
                case CmpStmt::FCMP_OLT:
                case CmpStmt::FCMP_ULT:
                {
                    if (lhs.size() == 1 && rhs.size() == 1)
                    {
                        resVal = IntervalValue(*lhs.begin() < *rhs.begin());
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        resVal = IntervalValue(0, 1);
                    }
                    break;
                }
                case CmpStmt::ICMP_ULE:
                case CmpStmt::ICMP_SLE:
                case CmpStmt::FCMP_OLE:
                case CmpStmt::FCMP_ULE:
                {
                    if (lhs.size() == 1 && rhs.size() == 1)
                    {
                        resVal = IntervalValue(*lhs.begin() <= *rhs.begin());
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        resVal = IntervalValue(0, 1);
                    }
                    break;
                }
                case CmpStmt::FCMP_FALSE:
                    resVal = IntervalValue(0, 0);
                    break;
                case CmpStmt::FCMP_TRUE:
                    resVal = IntervalValue(1, 1);
                    break;
                default:
                    assert(false && "undefined compare: ");
                }
                as[res] = resVal;
            }
        }
    }
}
 
void AbstractInterpretation::updateStateOnLoad(const LoadStmt *load)
{
    AbstractState& as = getAbsStateFromTrace(load->getICFGNode());
    u32_t rhs = load->getRHSVarID();
    u32_t lhs = load->getLHSVarID();
    as[lhs] = as.loadValue(rhs);
}
 
void AbstractInterpretation::updateStateOnStore(const StoreStmt *store)
{
    AbstractState& as = getAbsStateFromTrace(store->getICFGNode());
    u32_t rhs = store->getRHSVarID();
    u32_t lhs = store->getLHSVarID();
    as.storeValue(lhs, as[rhs]);
}
 
void AbstractInterpretation::updateStateOnCopy(const CopyStmt *copy)
{
    auto getZExtValue = [](AbstractState& as, const SVFVar* var)
    {
        const SVFType* type = var->getType();
        if (SVFUtil::isa<SVFIntegerType>(type))
        {
            u32_t bits = type->getByteSize() * 8;
            if (as[var->getId()].getInterval().is_numeral())
            {
                if (bits == 8)
                {
                    int8_t signed_i8_value = as[var->getId()].getInterval().getIntNumeral();
                    u32_t unsigned_value = static_cast<uint8_t>(signed_i8_value);
                    return IntervalValue(unsigned_value, unsigned_value);
                }
                else if (bits == 16)
                {
                    s16_t signed_i16_value = as[var->getId()].getInterval().getIntNumeral();
                    u32_t unsigned_value = static_cast<u16_t>(signed_i16_value);
                    return IntervalValue(unsigned_value, unsigned_value);
                }
                else if (bits == 32)
                {
                    s32_t signed_i32_value = as[var->getId()].getInterval().getIntNumeral();
                    u32_t unsigned_value = static_cast<u32_t>(signed_i32_value);
                    return IntervalValue(unsigned_value, unsigned_value);
                }
                else if (bits == 64)
                {
                    s64_t signed_i64_value = as[var->getId()].getInterval().getIntNumeral();
                    return IntervalValue((s64_t)signed_i64_value, (s64_t)signed_i64_value);
                    // we only support i64 at most
                }
                else
                    assert(false && "cannot support int type other than u8/16/32/64");
            }
            else
            {
                return IntervalValue::top(); // TODO: may have better solution
            }
        }
        return IntervalValue::top(); // TODO: may have better solution
    };
 
    auto getTruncValue = [&](const AbstractState& as, const SVFVar* var,
                             const SVFType* dstType)
    {
        const IntervalValue& itv = as[var->getId()].getInterval();
        if(itv.isBottom()) return itv;
        // get the value of ub and lb
        s64_t int_lb = itv.lb().getIntNumeral();
        s64_t int_ub = itv.ub().getIntNumeral();
        // get dst type
        u32_t dst_bits = dstType->getByteSize() * 8;
        if (dst_bits == 8)
        {
            // get the signed value of ub and lb
            int8_t s8_lb = static_cast<int8_t>(int_lb);
            int8_t s8_ub = static_cast<int8_t>(int_ub);
            if (s8_lb > s8_ub)
            {
                // return range of s8
                return utils->getRangeLimitFromType(dstType);
            }
            return IntervalValue(s8_lb, s8_ub);
        }
        else if (dst_bits == 16)
        {
            // get the signed value of ub and lb
            s16_t s16_lb = static_cast<s16_t>(int_lb);
            s16_t s16_ub = static_cast<s16_t>(int_ub);
            if (s16_lb > s16_ub)
            {
                // return range of s16
                return utils->getRangeLimitFromType(dstType);
            }
            return IntervalValue(s16_lb, s16_ub);
        }
        else if (dst_bits == 32)
        {
            // get the signed value of ub and lb
            s32_t s32_lb = static_cast<s32_t>(int_lb);
            s32_t s32_ub = static_cast<s32_t>(int_ub);
            if (s32_lb > s32_ub)
            {
                // return range of s32
                return utils->getRangeLimitFromType(dstType);
            }
            return IntervalValue(s32_lb, s32_ub);
        }
        else
        {
            assert(false && "cannot support dst int type other than u8/16/32");
            abort();
        }
    };
 
    AbstractState& as = getAbsStateFromTrace(copy->getICFGNode());
    u32_t lhs = copy->getLHSVarID();
    u32_t rhs = copy->getRHSVarID();
 
    if (copy->getCopyKind() == CopyStmt::COPYVAL)
    {
        as[lhs] = as[rhs];
    }
    else if (copy->getCopyKind() == CopyStmt::ZEXT)
    {
        as[lhs] = getZExtValue(as, copy->getRHSVar());
    }
    else if (copy->getCopyKind() == CopyStmt::SEXT)
    {
        as[lhs] = as[rhs].getInterval();
    }
    else if (copy->getCopyKind() == CopyStmt::FPTOSI)
    {
        as[lhs] = as[rhs].getInterval();
    }
    else if (copy->getCopyKind() == CopyStmt::FPTOUI)
    {
        as[lhs] = as[rhs].getInterval();
    }
    else if (copy->getCopyKind() == CopyStmt::SITOFP)
    {
        as[lhs] = as[rhs].getInterval();
    }
    else if (copy->getCopyKind() == CopyStmt::UITOFP)
    {
        as[lhs] = as[rhs].getInterval();
    }
    else if (copy->getCopyKind() == CopyStmt::TRUNC)
    {
        as[lhs] = getTruncValue(as, copy->getRHSVar(), copy->getLHSVar()->getType());
    }
    else if (copy->getCopyKind() == CopyStmt::FPTRUNC)
    {
        as[lhs] = as[rhs].getInterval();
    }
    else if (copy->getCopyKind() == CopyStmt::INTTOPTR)
    {
        //insert nullptr
    }
    else if (copy->getCopyKind() == CopyStmt::PTRTOINT)
    {
        as[lhs] = IntervalValue::top();
    }
    else if (copy->getCopyKind() == CopyStmt::BITCAST)
    {
        if (as[rhs].isAddr())
        {
            as[lhs] = as[rhs];
        }
        else
        {
            // do nothing
        }
    }
    else
        assert(false && "undefined copy kind");
}